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Page Title: What is a Gold Refinery? | ریفاینری طلا چیست؟ | What is a Gold Refinery? | ما هو تكرير الذهب؟| ما هو تكرير الذهب؟ Author: Laka Gold Content Team Date of Creation: August 1, 2025 Word Count: 3200+ | Lines: 260+ Writing Style: Combined, SEO-Oriented, Multilingual
What is a Gold Refinery?
A gold refinery is a facility where raw gold materials such as ore, concentrates, scrap jewelry, or impure gold bars are refined and purified into high-purity gold bullion, often certified by global authorities like the LBMA. Refining includes melting, chemical treatment, and electrolysis to separate gold from other metals and impurities.
Section 1 | General Definition of a Gold Refinery
A Gold Refinery is an industrial facility responsible for purifying and refining gold after extraction. Most miners in Iran and worldwide extract gold from gold ore or placer deposits. In many cases, extraction is open-pit and employs techniques such as cyanide leaching combined with activated carbon.
Gold obtained from these processes still contains impurities, including metals like silver, copper, iron, lead, and platinum.
The refinery acts as the purification unit where interfering materials are removed and gold reaches a purity of 999.9 (24-karat). Without this step, gold cannot be traded in global markets or listed on standard exchanges.
Section 2 | Professional Definition of a Gold Refinery (Industrial Audience)
A gold refinery is an advanced unit in the gold production chain that uses chemical reactions, thermal systems, and process control to separate gold from metallic and non-metallic impurities.
Typically, the refinery operates after the primary extraction stage and serves as a prerequisite for producing standardized gold bars for international markets.
Common Refining Methods:
- Aqua Regia Refining: Dissolving gold in a mixture of acids and separating it from silver, platinum, and other elements.
- Electrolytic Refining: High-purity gold production through electrolysis.
- Chlorination / Miller Process: Purification of gold from silver using chlorine gas.
- Parting: Chemical separation of silver using nitric acid.
Refineries are designed in different classes depending on capacity, technology, feedstock, and commercial goals: Laboratory, Semi-Industrial, and Full-Scale Industrial.
Section 3 | Analytical Overview of Gold Refineries and Their Types
Gold refineries are a key segment in the gold industry value chain. Based on capacity and technology, they are categorized into three main types:
1. Laboratory Gold Refinery
- Suitable for universities, research centers, or pilot-scale projects
- Limited capacity (less than 1 kg/day)
- Primarily employs precise chemical methods such as Aqua Regia
2. Semi-Industrial Gold Refinery
- Designed for small to medium businesses, workshops, and gold recycling operations
- Capacity ranges from 1 to 20 kg/day
- Can use a combination of methods, such as Miller Process and Aqua Regia
3. Full-Scale Industrial Refinery
- Intended for large companies, mines, precious metal exchanges, and exporters
- High capacity (up to several hundred kg/day)
- Equipped with automated systems, quality control laboratories, and capable of obtaining international certifications such as LBMA Good Delivery
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A gold refinery is an industrial operation involving metallurgical, chemical, and physical processes where gold is separated from impurities and converted into standardized gold bars. These processes may include fire assay, acid leaching, chlorination (Miller), or electrolysis (Wohlwill).
Key Refining Methods Worldwide
1. Miller Process
- Chlorination method where impure gold is melted, and chlorine gas is injected to react with base metals.
- Produces gold of ~99.5% purity.
- Fast and used in large-scale refineries.
- Scientific name: Miller Chlorination
2. Wohlwill Process
- Electrolytic refining where impure gold is the anode and pure gold collects at the cathode.
- Produces 99.99% purity.
- Essential for LBMA-certified bullion.
- Scientific name: Electrolytic Gold Refining
Other Methods:
- Aqua Regia Refining
- Direct Electrolysis with Gold Chloride
- Flux Melting in Graphite Crucibles
- Green Refining (Cyanide-free)
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تعریف ریفاینری طلا و اهمیت استانداردهای بین‌المللی (LBMA)
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Inputs & Outputs
Inputs:
- Gold ore
- Gold concentrate
- Scrap jewelry
- Electronic gold
- Unrefined gold bars
Outputs:
- 99.5% gold bars
- 99.99% (Four Nines) bars
- LBMA-certified bullion
- Gold powder and granules
Gold Refinery – Process Description of a Sample Refinery in Iran
Gold and silver extraction from concentrates or gold-bearing cathodes is the primary function of a gold refinery (gold mining factory). A refinery depends on the supply of feed material such as gold cathodes, gold concentrates, molten gold, low-grade gold, or recycled gold artifacts in order to produce high-purity gold bullion.
The refining process usually begins with the weighing and assaying of the input materials. Cathodes or concentrates are measured (typically divided into one-kilogram lots) and their fineness is determined, usually ranging from 995 to 999 purity.
It should be noted that in the jewelry industry, “18 karat gold” is most common, produced by alloying pure 24 karat gold with metals such as copper and nickel. This not only makes the gold harder and suitable for jewelry (rings, bangles, chains, earrings, etc.), but also reduces cost while enabling jewelers to charge for craftsmanship. However, in refining, the ultimate goal is to achieve 24 karat pure gold (999 bullion) by removing impurities such as silver and mercury.
Step 1: Mercury Removal
Gold cathodes often contain traces of mercury. The concentrate is placed in a mercury furnace, where mercury is volatilized and separated. This stage usually takes about 24 hours.
Step 2: Mixer 1 (Acid Dissolution)
The treated material is mixed with an acid solution. Agitation dissolves metals soluble in acid. The slurry is then filtered using a filter press, producing a solution rich in metal sulfates (waste solution) and a solid filter cake containing gold and silver.
Duration: ~14 hours
Step 3: Mixer 2 (Aqua Regia Treatment)
The filter cake is treated with aqua regia. During this stage, gold dissolves completely, while silver precipitates. After filtration, the filtrate (solution) is transferred to Mixer 3, containing dissolved gold and minor impurities. The filter cake mainly contains silver precipitate. Duration: ~5 hours
Step 4: Mixer 3 (Gold Precipitation)
A strong reducing agent is added to precipitate metallic gold from the solution. The gold powder is then separated by filtration and transferred to the smelting section. Duration: ~5 hours
Silver Refining
The silver-rich cake from Mixer 2 is mixed with chemicals and melted at over 800°C, producing silver granules or crude silver bars (85–96% purity). These are remelted into anodes and refined electrolytically. Pure silver is deposited at the cathode in powder form, which is later melted and cast into bullion, rods, or granules, according to market demand.
Gold Smelting and Casting
The gold powder from Mixer 3 is melted at over 1000°C. Fluxes are added to remove residual impurities. The molten gold is cast into grain form (gold granules) for accurate weighing. The granules are weighed precisely and divided into 1 kg batches, which are then remelted and cast into standard 1 kg gold bullion bars. Each bar is weighed, stamped, carefully packaged, and delivered to the market.
LBMA – The Global Authority
The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) is the world’s central authority on physical gold and silver standards.
- Maintains the Good Delivery List for accredited gold/silver refineries.
- Certifies refineries that meet purity, weight, and physical standard requirements.
- Gold Bars: Must be 99.5% minimum purity, weight between 350–430 oz.
- Silver Bars: Must be 99.9% purity.
- LBMA prices (LBMA Gold Price, LBMA Silver Price) are used globally for pricing bullion.
Refineries must be LBMA-approved for their gold to be accepted in global trade.
FAQs – Gold Refining Industry
- What are the major refining methods?
- How does a small refinery differ from an industrial one?
- Where can I buy LBMA-certified gold?
- Is gold refining profitable in countries without local LBMA refineries?
- How long does it take from mine to bar?
Our Mines and Investment Opportunities
LAKA GOLD owns high-grade gold mines in Iran and other regions. Investors can participate in joint projects, acquire high-purity bullion at competitive prices, and engage in two-way service partnerships across refining operations.
INVITATION TO JOIN THE AUCTION OF THE TOP ONE GOLD MINE
Gold Refineries in Dubai
- Emirates Gold Refinery
- Al Etihad Gold
- Kaloti Precious Metals
- Gulf Gold Refinery
All of them are LBMA-compliant and export high-purity bullion.
Full Refinery Process: From Ore to Bar
- Sample Collection: From ore, concentrate, or scrap
- Initial Assay: Fire assay, XRF, ICP
- Pre-Treatment: Drying, milling, homogenizing
- First Refining: Miller process or flux melting
- Final Refining: Electrolysis (Wohlwill) for 99.99% purity
- Casting: Standard molds
- Certification: By recognized assayers or in-house labs
Benefits of Refinery in Iran
- No industrial competitors in the country
- Over 300 producers (jewelry, scrap, workshops) with accessible feedstock
- Large amount of scrap and recycled gold
- High profit margins due to local price gap for unrefined gold
Discounted Gold – 2% to 50%
Investors who participate in supplying gold ore or mining operations can receive refined bullion at discounts between 2% to 50% compared to global rates.
Laka’s Services: End-to-End Gold Solutions
We handle the entire lifecycle of gold:
- Gold exploration and extraction
- Supply of ore and concentrate
- Refinery plant design and operation
- Production of export-ready bullion
Partner with us for mining, refining, and exporting gold.
Suggested Menu for This Page
- What is Gold Refining?
- Scientific & AI Definitions
- Miller & Wohlwill Processes
- Dubai & Global Refineries
- LBMA Certification Guide
- Buy Discounted Bullion
- Contact & Investment Info
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